As shown in the figure below, the application layer protocols create the most value in the Internet stack even though they are built on top of lower layer protocols.

As the Fat Protocol thesis posits, value in blockchains would mostly accumulate at the base protocol layer rather than the application layer. For a while, this seemed to be true.

The application-layer VPN enforces policy during the termination gap by polling external authentication and policy servers, such as Active Directory or Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, to ...

The CANopen application layer and communication profile supports direct access to device parameters and transmission of time-critical process data. The CANopen network management services simplify ...

For example, the Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) is an application-level streaming protocol that can use multiple protocols in the transport layer to transmit its packets, including the Universal ...

Overview A novel traffic-loop vulnerability has been identified against certain implementations of UDP-based applications protocols. An unauthenticated attacker can use maliciously-crafted packets ...

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for end-to-end communication. ‘Application-layer Loop DoS Attacks’ pair servers of these protocols in such a way that they communicate with each other indefinitely.